Hello,

I want to discuss a problem I'm seeing with a lot of would-be Narrativist game design at the Forge. It is the problem of No Premise. It's most serious in two games that I'd very much like to play, but would have to inject my own whole-cloth Premise into. After years of doing this for GURPS, Rolemaster, Champions, et al., I'm not especially inclined to do so any more, not for a game which is pretty much earmarked as being "about creating stories."

Now, if I'm misreading the intent/philosophy behind either of these games, then I stand corrected. However, each shares mechanical elements that do not lend themselves well to traditional Simulationist play, and I will carry on as if their general design was at least to be compatible with Narrativist play.

The World, the Flesh, and the Devil
This game runs the risk of being unique for uniqueness' sake. It has three wonderful attributes, none of which is linked to any of the others except mechanically. (1) Character creation is really Situation creation, which is very excellent, but utterly without context - the Situation is basically "whatever you want." (2) The whole WFD trio of concepts are, as they stand, good Color for the System; however, very few actual stories include all three elements as a source of adversity (C.S. Lewis' trilogy: Out of the Silent Planet, Perelandra, That Hideous Strength), and I'd like to see what sort of Situations the author thinks lend themselves to this treatment. (3) The resolution system offers some neat back-and-forth about who-says-what, which is nice, but not unique, and I don't think such a system means much unless we know why we're doing it.

Without a Premise which resonates with these three features (actual situation, W/F/D as concepts of adversity, trading narration power), there's no point. It's a motor without wheels/wings/propellor or a seat.

My suggestion: give examples of Trials. Even more importantly, give an example of what kind of information each player needs to be working from in order to write his or her Trial. I don't care who this information comes from: a player, the GM, everyone chatting, whatever - but it has to be there. What would it include, what would it look like?

Dust Devils
Here, the problem is the pure, classic, Premise issue, exactly as I distinguish it from "genre" in my essay. What is this game about? It's a "western." This is no kind of answer - what is a western? Why play in one? That answer assumes that if you say, "dust, gingham dresses, bullets, men in chaps with weathered faces," that everyone Just Knows what the shared creative task is about. If you do that, here's what you get: set pieces, talking heads, murder mysteries, posturing, and arbitrary violence. It'll be "in the west," but it won't be a western.

My suggestion: specify, specify, specify. Decide what sort of western we are talking about, and provide a variety of examples that point to it. For instance, if I wanted bleak and morally-terrifying western, I'd cite the films Django and Unforgiven, and perhaps Joe R. Lansdale's novel The Magic Western. If I wanted serious man/community conflict of interest drama, I'd cite the films High Noon and No Name on the Bullet, and Zane Grey's Riders of the Purple Sage. If I wanted historical/inspiring, I'd cite Larry McMurtry's Lonesome Dove and James Michener's Centennial.

I do not especially favor the notion of, "Well, just choose and go with it." Some of these choices have some severe consequences for system interpretation and design. I suggest that if you say "just choose," you'll end up with parody. I also suggest that if you do choose, then certain aspects of the game can become better specified (Knack naming, for a minor example; the uses of the reward system, for a major example).

Best,
Ron

I just want to back this up. I rarely comment on game design, theory, etc. but I'm all about Premise. I like games that give me a premise. Otherwise, the game is really just a generic system with or without a particular slant/nifty/verbage/whatever and I'm not a fan of generic systems. Heck, I'm really not a fan of systems at all. I want to see ideas and innovation and frankly, I only get those things from the setting, premise, and whatever else surrounds the system. I'm wired funny, I guess. I usually don't think about systems or understand them just by reading them.

I'm sick of asking people what the premise of their game is and getting, "It's fantasy" as a reply. Sometimes I rephrase it and ask "So what do you do?" People usually respond to this with "Oooh, whatever you want! There's exploring, treasure-hunting, blahfuckedyblahblahing!"

I d/led Dust Devils and despite my system-numbheadedness, I liked what I saw. (I haven't checked WFD out yet.) I have ideas on how to use DD, but I'd like to see something more added to it. Some non-system meat. Or heck, a whole bunch of different cuts of meat.

I agree with those who say that system matters. But I can't digest a system without a driving force behind it.

Hey Ron,

I've been thinking about this too and I have a quick question just to clearify what exactly you're getting at. When you say there's no Premise, do you mean that the game has no clear discussion of a Premise in general or do you mean there's not Premise directly reflected in the system?

For example, do you consider The Questing Beast to have a Premise? There's an awful lot of discussion in the text of exactly what that game is ABOUT but that is not built directly into the mechanics themselves. It's possible for me to abstract out The Questing Beat's system and not bring the Premise with me. However, I can't abstract out Sorcerer's mechanics without also bringing the Premise along for the ride.

Just wondering how specific you were being?

Jesse

Hello Jesse,

Either or both of your stated sources of Premise are fine with me. Let me break it down:

1) Premise is articulated. The system does not introduce contradictory elements (i.e. some Premise-conflicting priority).
2) Premise is articulated. The system incorporates reinforcing elements.

I'll even include everyone who's responded so far by citing Little Fears as a good example of #1, and (in agreement with Jesse) citing Sorcerer as a good example of #2. I also think that The Questing Beast is more like #2 than #1, but that a person might be forgiven for not seeing that if he or she hasn't played - and TQB is certainly #1 even if I'm wrong in my claim.

My problem with our two "devil" games is that neither provides any treatment of Premise but rather relies on Color.

Best,
Ron

edited to repair my cruddy HTML

Ron Edwards wrote:
Hello,

I want to discuss a problem I'm seeing with a lot of would-be Narrativist game design at the Forge. It is the problem of No Premise. It's most serious in two games that I'd very much like to play, but would have to inject my own whole-cloth Premise into.

Dust Devils
Here, the problem is the pure, classic, Premise issue, exactly as I distinguish it from "genre" in my essay. What is this game about? It's a "western." This is no kind of answer - what is a western? Why play in one?

Ralph,

I think you might have missed this paragraph in my initial post.

"Now, if I'm misreading the intent/philosophy behind either of these games, then I stand corrected. However, each shares mechanical elements that do not lend themselves well to traditional Simulationist play, and I will carry on as if their general design was at least to be compatible with Narrativist play."

So let's not discuss Exploration as an end in itself. That's out of the realm of the kind of game design I'm talking about.

Your willingness to "just play a western" indicates that you'd know how such a western ought to go; you'd "figure it out yourself" to use your terms. However, my claim is not that you (or anyone) cannot do this, but that organizing and conducting a role-playing game with others is going to require some textual backup.

My claim regarding the results of not having this support is based on many years of folks "just knowing" what fantasy is, "just knowing" what superheroes are, "just knowing" what westerns are, and so forth - and I claim that, bluntly, they don't.

Best,
Ron

Thanks for posting about Dust Devils, Ron. I KNEW the issue of premise (or lack of one!) would come up, and rightly so. That partly why I asked you to take a look, knowing you might have something to offer in that vein.

I think the game does have a single, specific premise, it's just that I've done a poor job delineating that. That's partly 'cause I threw the thing together in less than a week. It's also partly because I'm still struggling to specifiy the premise. It's not that I want folks to "pick one" -- I have a single premise in mind. Getting it across in language is where I've failed; my admittedly uncertain grasp of premise doesn't help either! So, I'll address a couple points you raise and try to shore that up.

First, I'll try to define concisely the premise I have in mind here:

Premise, as they might say in Dust Devils: "Can a no good sunnuvabitch make right with his ugly, evil past and be a man the God-fearin' people of the West respect and admire? Or, will the Devil get the best of him, and everyone see that he's a cheat, a liar or a no-good killer."

Or, as we might say in 2002: "Can a person reform his or her dark past and become a hero, or will that past haunt their actions until death?"

Or, perhaps simpler: "What does it take to be a hero in a lawless place where it's hard to just stay alive?"

Or, simplest of all: "Can a person change?"

After watching The Outlaw Josey Wales this weekend on TNT, it struck me that the movie, along with a host of others I cited earlier (especially Unforgiven), is what Dust Devils is all about. Josey Wales is a real sunnuvabitch, yet he's a hero. He doesn't reform his killin' ways; in fact, he makes use of 'em right up to the end, at which point we know Josey Wales may be one helluva gunfighter, but he's not the outlaw he used to be.

Unforgiven is very much the inverse (in fact, the inverse of Westerns in general, I argue). William Munny is an outlaw, and makes no bones that he was a no good sunnuvabitch. In the movie, though, he's reformed ... and he's terrible at it. He can't farm, he can barely ride, and he can't shoot too well, either. Yet, when he finally snaps (after they kill his best friend), he's no longer comical. He becomes a frightening avenger. Meanwhile, lil' Bill is a lawman, and yet he's by far the meanest S.O.B in the movie. His rule of law is by might, not right, and he does not seem to apply the law uniformly or fairly. When he's not being a damn tyrant, he's pathetic. He can't build a decent house, which is repeated in the film as a comical trait of Bill's

William Munny reforms his ways, and the result is pathetic, even comical. But in the end, his past comes up to haunt him again as he shoots down five or six men and scares away as many more. His legend lives on that he's a "known thief and murderer, a man of notoriously vicious and intemperate disposition." But is he really? That's the great issue in the movie, and it's just the kind of thing Dust Devils should facilitate.

Ahh, I digress. The point is that both these movies exemplify Dust Devils' premise. That's why I've incorporated the Devil mechanic. Hell, that's why I named the game what I did (it was going to be Ghost Town, but that just didn't fit).

Ron Edwards wrote:
Dust Devils
I also suggest that if you do choose, then certain aspects of the game can become better specified (Knack naming, for a minor example; the uses of the reward system, for a major example).

Wah!

Matt, that's exactly what I was looking for in Dust Devils. Take that exact post, clean out all that guff about "Gee, don't know if I have this right, now," and put it straight into the first section of the game. That's IT. No further messin' with it necessary.

Okay, now that I have the idea, crack the knuckles, type.

1) Naming Knacks and traits - don't be funny. You don't have a funny Premise, so don't encourage dumb-ass or parodic descriptors. (OK, granted, I really like "crazier than a shithouse rat" for its own sake, but does it really belong with your Premise? I suggest not. It's more a The Good the Bad and the Ugly kind of descriptor.)

2) The reward system. It's all about dealing with one's own Devil, right? So to hell with improving attributes. I mean, if you desperately want to keep that, OK, but it's not a big deal, and I suggest junking it. I suggest that you can spend poker chips to "keep your Devil at bay" in some fashion and perhaps (much more expensively, between sessions) actually alter your Devil.

Best,
Ron

I grant that's a great premise, and in fact I suspected (as I'm sure you did too) that that's where it was going from the "Devil" mechanic.

But my point is simply this, why? Why does that have to be expressly stated at the first thing in his game? Why do we as players need the game designers to spoon feed us our Premise?

I'd argue that we don't...Any more than we need a dozen splat books to spoon feed us our setting.

I see nothing wrong with a system that 1) provides resolution mechanics and 2) provides plenty of color being complete in an of itself.

Just as I can provide my own setting details, I can provide my own Premise too. Certainly its fine to have a Premise explicitly tied to the game such that that it becomes precisely what that game is about and nothing more. But I don't believe its a *requirement*...even for Narrativist games.

I stand by my statement that it is perfectly acceptable to design a game, even a narrativist one, and NOT explicitly have a capital-P Premise built into the game design. I and my play group should be perfectly capable of coming up with our own.

One could perhaps rightly argue that capital-P Premise is a prerequisite for Narrativist PLAY. But it is not by necessity a prerequisite for the game design. A game can facilitate Narrativist Play without being limited to a single Premise per design.

Ron -- Glad to hear you liked what I had to say about Dust Devil's actual premise. I've tried my hand at rewriting the intro. It's short, but that's how I want it. Do you think it captures the premise well enough?

"INTRODUCTION

There comes a time when a man's got to shoot or give up the gun.

That's what Dust Devils is all about. This game encourages players to create shady, gritty characters with a dark and dangerous pasts. Maybe they saw Hell up close and personal in the War of the States. Or maybe they ran with a wild bunch in their youth. Whatever the grief, it should be the kind trouble that haunts them still. The kind of grief that keeps them awake at night or at the bottom of a of whiskey bottle.

A player's duty, then, is to portray a character coping with his difficult past, and to discover through play just what kind of man or woman he is now. How do they handle those tough times, and how do those tough times relate to the conflict the character explores now?"

Premise is what makes Narrative though, surely?

Without it you've got no 'through', nowhere to go, nothing to see, no matter how many dungeons and wonders you've built already. You've got no lens to look through.

Like Ron said, most fantasy games have no premise, but they create the beginnings of one systematically:

If power comes from successful violence, where can I find peace?

You're right, Val, in saying that Premise is vital for Narrative play. I also think you're right in saying that we of The Forge are capable of supplying Premise ourselves, but I think you might be missing something.

Why does Premise have to come after system?

Why not give games a Premise, if it's essential to play? Indeed, why not give two, or three, that can be supported properly by the game, perhaps by changing the rules a little?

Look at WFD:

Is there a Premise you could build around World?

How about "Do a man's deeds outweigh his sins and weaknesses?"

How about Flesh?

"Is who we are more important than what we do and how?"

Or the Devil?

"Are we defined by the darkness within us?"

Premise is, in many ways, the cradle of story. Once you've got that, you're motoring. Why deny the chance to spark something?

drew [hanging tags...]

Valamir,
I think the need for a Premise is important if for no other reason than to distinguish one game from another. Think about it, without a Premise more defined than "A Western" you might as well just play GURPS.

If you want to define your own Premise that's fine, but at some point you're going to need to know what system best suits that Premise. Now, maybe you know enough about game design to figure that out on your own, but most gamers don't and a well defined Premise can save a lot of wasted time on games that just don't satisfy your needs.

,Matt

In the year or so I've spent at The Forge, Premise is the one big revelation I've had. And I'm not just talking about Narrativist Premise either, but the idea that all games have a Premise.

Which brings me to this thought: Is it possible for a ruleset to be Premise-less? As Matt and Drew just pointed out, it is possible to look at a game and suss out a Premise, even when one isn't presented as such by the author. Can we do the same with other games? The Pool (not TQB)? WYRD? GURPS?

Of course, as Ron and others have pointed out, Premise may exist but be betrayed by aspects of the system itself. But if we can look at a game and see through to a Premise, isn't it just good game design to put that information up front for all to see, so that everyone's on the same page (wouldn't that be more important in a game where the Premise is muddled by bad game design)?

Maybe I'm wrong. Maybe not every game has an imbedded Premise, and that by looking, I'm just creating something that isn't there. So be it...I need the mental exercise.

- Scott

erithromycin wrote:
You're right, Val, in saying that Premise is vital for Narrative play. I also think you're right in saying that we of The Forge are capable of supplying Premise ourselves, but I think you might be missing something.

Why does Premise have to come after system?

Why not give games a Premise, if it's essential to play? Indeed, why not give two, or three, that can be supported properly by the game, perhaps by changing the rules a little?

Well, before I even start to try and figure out if GURPS has a premise, let's a) take this into another thread [would Theory or Design be best?] and b) remember that some games attempt to give us premise, but instead give us pitch.

Premise: "How willing are you to defy your family to do what is right?"

Pitch: "You're a crusading knight and your sword is made of your ancestors."

Premise: "Is it better to live in chains or die free?"

Pitch: "Stalag 17 crossed with Die Hard."

Premise: "Should one be true to one's nature or to a cause?"

Pitch: "Anarchist bees with machine guns."

Many games, in my opinion, have the latter, but not the former. Here's one for you:

What's the Premise for Vampire, and how does the system support it?

Edited in:

Yeah, Val, I'll buy that. Where Premise is essential to play, a Premise should be, at the very least clearly suggested in the system.

Though then we're in an interesting GNS place.

Does Narrative Play require a Premise, and, if so, is a game that claims it is Narrative but does not provide a Premise a liar? [1]

drew

[1] In a fluffy way, mind. :)

Ron Edwards wrote:
Wah!

Matt, that's exactly what I was looking for in Dust Devils. Take that exact post, clean out all that guff about "Gee, don't know if I have this right, now," and put it straight into the first section of the game. That's IT. No further messin' with it necessary.

1) Naming Knacks and traits - don't be funny. You don't have a funny Premise, so don't encourage dumb-ass or parodic descriptors. (OK, granted, I really like "crazier than a shithouse rat" for its own sake, but does it really belong with your Premise? I suggest not. It's more a The Good the Bad and the Ugly kind of descriptor.)

2) The reward system. It's all about dealing with one's own Devil, right? So to hell with improving attributes. I mean, if you desperately want to keep that, OK, but it's not a big deal, and I suggest junking it. I suggest that you can spend poker chips to "keep your Devil at bay" in some fashion and perhaps (much more expensively, between sessions) actually alter your Devil.

Sigh ...

Well shit, this thread has gone right off the rails.

Ralph, for what it's worth, I agree with you that one might well inject Premise and be happy. I ask you please to note that I specified very carefully what I am talking about in my first post, up to and including acknowledging that we are talking about my preferred game content, not Universal Laws of Game Design.

I stated (a) that Dust Devils, for instance, might simply say "choose" to the reader and be done, and (b) that I think this does not serve the game well. We differ on that point; we've logged our different views, and I don't see why we have to repeat ourselves endlessly in some kind of clubbing game to see who gives up first. It is OK for us not to agree.

Drew, I don't see why you stated "let's take this [your pitch/premise] idea to a new thread" and then proceeded to address it here. A new thread would be a fine idea; please do that.

Best,
Ron

Bailywolf hit on something I was chewing over since my "suggestions" post - the alterations to the Devil notion. I agree with him that the "relationship" to the Devil is probably more appropriate than actually changing the Devil itself.

What came to my mind was a "degree" thing - for a given session, your Devil is more or less "on your back" depending on how many poker chips you want to spend for that purpose. How that works is easily handled by the system; the Devil is expressed in how many "cards" it adds/subtracts to a situation. Spending poker chips can "damp it down."

I don't necessarily offer it as the perfect solution, and I like Bailywolf's more nuanced or thematic approach too. My only call is for something of this sort.

As for the humor thing, I suggest that "black humor" is perfectly fine for what Matt is going for, but that "parodic" is to be avoided. Definitely a mileage thing, but it is in Matt's hands, and he needs to decide what the cutoff might be.

Best,
Ron

As has been happening so often at the Forge lately, this ties in directly with what I've been thinking on of late . . . how much/what kind of Premise needs to be "pre-created" by the designer? Sorceror has a general Premise that must then be made specific by the particular play group (primarily through defining what Humanity and Demons are) - Ron's "articulated and reinforced". But the fact is, *some* of the articulation is done by the play group . . . could it be all? First, to get one thing out of the way, we're talking only about Nar-focused, story-creating Premise here. When Valamir says:

The game designer MAY wish to simply create an environment where by players can explore a favorite genre. The mechanics may not be directed at a specific Premise, they may be directed at evoking mood and imagery.

I stand by my statement that it is perfectly acceptable to design a game, even a narrativist one, and NOT explicitly have a capital-P Premise built into the game design. I and my play group should be perfectly capable of coming up with our own.

I love that Devil Axis, BW.

You can go right through a catalog of western heroes and identify which category applies to their devil.
Robert Mitchum is a Slave to the Devil Drink in El Dorado
The "dandy" character from The Magnificent 7 whose trying hard to Deny that he's lost his edge.
Cosner's Wyatt Earp who's Haunted by Ambition (one could say he was haunted by his lost love, but I think his truly destructive devil was his Ambition).

I'd add one more for "Depair" to cover those who've know their devil has them licked even though they wish it weren't so. This would be the one to switch into / out of at "rock bottom".

I'd allow this to be changed through play in a manner similiar to rewritting a character when a Kicker is resolved in Sorcerer.

In many ways the Devil is a Kicker generator, in the sense that the "Kicker" should be one that focuses right in on the Devil and forces the character to confront it.

On the quick note, I myself tend to come up with great mechanics but not so great at marrying it to a premise. Most of the time I've got a setting, or a style I want a mechanic to emulate. I agree with Ron that "knowing fantasy" is a meaningless phrase. I doubt when you're talking the Mahabharata and someone else is talking Tolkien that you'll communicate a consensual reality.

Usually with my mechanics I come up with a design goal, and keep paring away until there's just a "generic" system left. I then have a system, but have to find a way to marry it to a good premise and setting, and have the patience to make it! :P

Chris

Hey Ron,

It is the problem of No Premise.

And The World, the Flesh, and the Devil definitely doesn't have one, any more than The Pool has one. To some extent, it's because the game was partly a creation of necessity. For a few weeks last year Scott Knipe was sending me a new game design every five or six days. And it was driving me crazy to be consistently writing what I didn't like about his designs. It didn't feel like constructive commentary, because I couldn't give him examples of what I did like.

I created The World, the Flesh, and the Devil to have the features I liked better than the ones Scott was using in his designs. It has no target numbers, because as a GM, I hate assigning them. It has no opposed pools, because as a GM, I hate determining the size of the opposing pool. I wanted a game like The Pool, and Zero, where the GM never rolls. I liked how in The Pool, the player's dice were not compared to anything the GM did after being rolled, not a dice pool, not a target number. The interpreting of the dice was fixed and objective. The giving of the one-to-three dice prior to the dice roll had a great tone to it in my mind, eliminating the GM as opponent/obstacle within the game all the way down at the root of the conflict resolution mechanics. Because the number of dice being rolled was established up front, to crib a phrase from Christopher, the outcome was "uncertain, but not random," more completely so than I'd seen in any other game. I wanted something like that.

And at the time, I had just started running a scenario using a combination of Sorcerer-style kickers and the mechanics of The Pool. It turned out to be such an awesome combination that it was on my mind, along with the dice fabrication thing from Sigil, and when I conceived a reworking of those things into what I now recognize is a collapsing of character and situation, and how to integrate the resulting character elements into the conflict resolution system via re-rolls, that rounded out the game mechanics for me.

My suggestion: give examples of Trials. Even more importantly, give an example of what kind of information each player needs to be working from in order to write his or her Trial. I don't care who this information comes from: a player, the GM, everyone chatting, whatever - but it has to be there. What would it include, what would it look like?

These are good suggestions. I've been developing a set of extensions to the game mechanics that are tightly integrated into a setting, and when I read this list I can see you're exactly right that I need to make sure every one of the things on it is included.

If anyone's curious, send me an email. I'm hesitant to post about it until I playtest the rules extensions, and because the setting is still somewhat unrefined, full of non-contributing content, and up in the air. But I'll share a summary by email. And I'd love input.

we are talking about my preferred game content, not Universal Laws of Game Design

A game like Le Mon Mouri or Trollbabe is the whole package, definitely, Premise/Setting/Mechanics, the whole schmeer. But I think there's a place for games like The World, the Flesh, and the Devil, The Pool, Kirt's Faster, Better, Cheaper, and Mike's The Framework, none of which have a Premise. When I ran The Pool, it was with the setting from Sun & Storm. There are so many games out there with interesting settings attached to systems I'd never consider using. I would totally buy a book with a dozen Premise-less, but otherwise Narrativist systems like Faster, Better, Cheaper in it, because they're so awesome for when you have a setting idea of your own, or a setting from a published game with ooky mechanics. I personally don't think there are enough games like The World, the Flesh, and the Devil, because they all differ in tone. Could I have used The World, the Flesh, and the Devil with the mercenary scenario I ran using The Pool? Sure, but the tone of the game would have been very different. I'd buy a book of Premise-less, but otherwise Narrativist systems to have choices, so I could find one with an interesting tone for the setting I was wanting to use.

These games that we've created here on The Forge are different than the "clever" resolution mechanics that get worked up on other discussion sites, or games like The Window. They share Authorial power in interesting ways, they're complete games, rather than fragments, and each sets a different tone for a game at the mechanical level. I think the distinction you make about integrated Premise being your preferred game content is important for people to take to heart as perhaps a destination to think about, but not an intimidatingly deterring requirement, because every artist starts somewhere on Scott McCloud's path of "Six Steps," and we probably already subtextually deliver a fairly deterring mandate that it not be at "Surface."

Paul

Paul Czege wrote:
A game like <EM>Le Mon Mouri</EM> or <EM>Trollbabe</EM> is the whole package, definitely, Premise/Setting/Mechanics, the whole schmeer. But I think there's a place for games like <EM>The World, the Flesh, and the Devil</EM>, <EM>The Pool</EM>, Kirt's <A HREF="http://indie-rpgs.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=982">Faster, Better, Cheaper</A>, and Mike's <A HREF="http://wso.williams.edu/~msulliva/campaigns/ag/framework.html">The Framework</A>, none of which have a Premise.

Hello,

This may be very hard for some people to comprehend, but I agree both with Paul and with Blake.

Paul says: hey, good Narrativist design can permit importing Premise.

Blake says: hey, explicit Premise permits fully-integrated mechanics to reinforce it.

I think both games I've discussed on this thread need a dose of Blake's point, as opposed to taking the riskier route of Paul's point.

Ralph, I cannot help how you choose to read my initial post - why you think it's a denouncement of Paul's point (retroactively speaking) is a mystery to me. We've taken this to private messages and I think we need to keep it there.

Best,
Ron