HIGH STAKES

1.)What is your game about?**

High stakes is a game about superheroes and the sacrifices they are willing to make to save the world.

2.) What do the characters do?**

The characters don colourful costumes and fight evil, whether it is in the shadows or in the light of day. They avert natural disasters, solve puzzling crimes and challenge fate, all in the same day.

3.) What do the players (including the GM if there is one) do?**

The players manage the amount of chips they are willing to sacrifice to get the job done. When they run low on chips they work with the gamesmaster to bring drama into their lives and in doing so replenish the chips they hold.

4.) How does your setting (or lack thereof) reinforce what your game is about?

Although the system can be used to play a generic game the setting included stretches back to prehistory. Time is cylindrical with superheroes fleeing a great disaster using a time machine and introducing superpowers into the gene pool of the past. In the modern age the great disaster approaches once again the players are among those heroes. Will they fight destiny and avert it or will they be forced to flee into the past just as before?

In this way the heroes are faced with great odds and only through self sacrifice can they return hope to the world.

5.) How does the Character Creation of your game reinforce what your game is about?

From the start players must decide how many chips will they allocate to each of their three pools (power, plot and resources). They must think about how much importance their character places on each of these pools. Do they concentrate on just being the most powerful or do they pride themselves on taking advantage of their surroundings. Do they have many friends or people they can call upon in times of need?

The number of chips a player places in each pool reveals a lot about their character and determines what options are open to them during game play.

Each player character also has three supporting cast members, tied to each of their pools, that can be used to replenish their chips. This encourages a player to think who their character interacts with frequently and think about what they mean to them. It also encourages them to view others as useful.

6.) What types of behaviors/styles of play does your game reward (and punish if necessary)?

The game encourages players to think of their characters as competent people. Success is only a matter on putting the effort in, not due to a roll of the dice. In combat they will know the hand fate has dealt them and make the most of it.

The dwindling pool of chips re-enforces team work in a group. One character can not do everything without becoming exhausted and so tasks must be shared with team mates or even collaborated on. In combat having a number of team mates with you increases the odds of success more than having a lot of chips.

Players who work together will get far. Players that don't work as a team are doomed to failure.

7.) How are behaviors and styles of play rewarded or punished in your game?

At the end of each scene, the players who contributed to overcoming the tasks that faced receive extra chips to replenish their pools. This promotes involvement as those characters who are willing to sacrifice chips are more likely to regain those chips than a character that does nothing in the hopes of preserving the chips he has.

The allocation of chips is an instant and gratifying reward as the players chip pool visibly increases in size.

8.) How are the responsibilities of narration and credibility divided in your game?

The gamesmaster is responsible for creating the plot but the players have strong narrative control of the scene. The allocation of chips from their respective pools gives a player a lot of freedom in describing what is happening.

As well as having their character physical interact with the environment they can spend plot points to control the environment itself. For example plot chips can be used to have a truck pull out in front of the getaway car or have an abandoned mattress be placed in the alley that the character is falling into.

The players also have great control of their characters story arcs, voluntarily introducing complications to their characters life in return for more chips.

9.) What does your game do to command the players' attention, engagement, and participation? (i.e. What does the game do to make them care?)

The game provides them with a finite resource that their characters life depend on. In order to succeed they must voluntarily reduce that resource so they feel the sacrifice their character is making.  Helping others increases that resource and hence their power. Therefore being a hero has mechanical justification as well as story reason.

Players are able to bank chips in important NPCs and locations, drawing on those stored chips rather than their own pools when those characters or locations are present. In this way the character will increase the importance of those facets of the world.  Players will be more confident that the police will be able to hold a captured criminal when they know that they've banked a number of chips in the location or visit a newspaper more frequently when they know that the plot chips they've banked their make the reporters a reliable source of information.

10.) What are the resolution mechanics of your game like?

The system uses chips divided between three pools. When resolving a task the gamesmaster picks a card that matches the difficulty and places it face down. A player (or players) stake chips from their respective pools, describing the action they are taking. If they match or exceed the number of the card the action succeeds. Therefore a character can succeed at most things by putting a lot of chips into it but he'll want to avoid this as it weakens him and so only stake as close to the card value as possible.

In combat everyone involved draws a card. Whichever side (the good guys or the bad guys) has the highest card wins. Before the cards are revealed all parties stake chips from their pools describing what actions are taken. This continues until the cards are called and all players must have contributed chips up to the current value of ante. Whichever side wins gains those chips and divides them up among that side.

Characters can chose to fold, removing half the number of chips they have staked and losing that round. Minions and sidekicks can also affect the outcome, changing the card held by a character unless the character is willing to spend extra chips to block or remove the threat.

11.) How do the resolution mechanics reinforce what your game is about?

It reinforces that it is not fate that determines how well a hero does but how much effort they are willing to make. Even in combat you only know what card you hold and must decide what you are going to do with it.

If you have a high card you'll want your opponent to stake as many chips as possible before it is revealed. If you have a low card you can hope to bluff your opponent or hope that a minion will change the value of your card for the better. If you have a middling card will you gamble that it's better than what your opponent holds? Or will you just put faith in your team that someone holds the winning card?

Through this mechanic players are empowered to use their own courage and imagination to win the day.

12.) Do characters in your game advance? If so, how?

Characters advance by spending points to increase the size of their pools, increasing the maximum amount of chips they can use. In addition they can spend they points to invest in NPCs, Locations and construct headquarters or vehicles.

13.) How does the character advancement (or lack thereof) reinforce what your game is about?

The important distinction in the system is a character with 25 chips is just as competent as character with 200. They both have the same odds of succeeding, it is only the frequency that they can attempt these tasks that differ.

The difference, therefore, is not on skill but power scale. In this way a beginning character can still do a lot but as the develop the amount of things they can do within a short space of time increases drastically. 

14.) What sort of product or effect do you want your game to produce in or for the players?

I hope that the game will give a feeling of pride and investment in the player. They will have won by their own actions and bravery rather than random chance. The ability for the players to empower NPCs and locations in addition to giving them characters dramatic lives with hopefully give them a feeling of ownership in the setting.

15.) What areas of your game receive extra attention and color? Why?

The most important facet of the system is the chips available to the player and this is used to give importance to the dramatic lives superheroes have (both in their personal and professional lives) and their supporting cast, both of which award more chips.

I feel that the game mechanic will make the players more willing to pursue these two facets when they can sometimes be seen as a distraction from the main plot. Using this system indulging in these aspects actually helps a player overcome the challenges of the main plot.

16.) Which part of your game are you most excited about or interested in? Why?

I think the system is a very accurate simulation of how a comic book works rather than a real world simulation. I think the staking of chips is at the core of being a superhero. A player can set his own limits on how many chips he is willing to allocate but knows that if he needs to push himself to achieve a goal he can.

In combat I think the system gives all characters a fair chance. A character with only a few chips (whether he is a starting character or just weakened) can still fight and win a round of combat against an opponent with more chips and in doing so increase his own chips by gaining the chips staked). I think this nicely simulates a comic book fight where a weakened character gets his second wind and is able to defeat his opponent.

It also gets around the problem of a single villain fighting against a team of heroes. Normally a villain would have to be a lot stronger than the combined might of the heroes to hope of  even striking one of them. With this system he need only have the winning card to win a round and drain all the heroes strength in one go.

I think it also finds a good place for the minions and sidekicks. They can't win a fight on their own but they can change the card a character has and so change an outcome. It even gives a good reason for a hero to want to be struck by a minion, just in the hopes of getting a better card.

17.) Where does your game take the players that other games can’t, don’t, or won’t?

I think this game will allow players to do things as superheroes that other games prevent them from doing by categorising what and how they do it. The only limitation on what a character can do with their power in this system is how many chips they're willing to stake.

In addition I think a player will feel a great deal of excitement as the cards are revealed and they see whether their chips they have staked have been lost or doubled.

18.) What are your publishing goals for your game?

I hope to release the game as a pdf.

19.) Who is your target audience?

I'm aiming for a wide audience with a simple system that can be used from combat to chases to intimidation. Specifically I'm catering for comic book readers in a system that is faithful to the source material and allow them to do anything they've read of.

I once thought of doing a token-based game system, but optioned for dice-rolling instead. However, you seem to have made it work fairly well. I can't wait to get a copy of the PDF once it's available. Also, where did you find the Power of 19 questions as they seem to really help a creator get organized?

The Power of 19 was written by Troy Costisick. I actually found the link on the first post on this forum (posting on first thoughts).  It was useful to make sure I hadn't missed anything when designing the game. When I could answer all the questions I knew the early stage was complete.

Glad that 'High Stakes' has interested you. There are so many superhero games out there but I've never felt they totally captured the genre. They mostly feel like D&D in tights. Lots of number crunching, a lot of restrictions. I think the two rules of a comic book are imagination and drama so High Stakes was created to focus on those two elements.

Hi etheruk

I think it is an interesting concept, but it is a bit hard for me to give any feedback, because I am not really sure what kind of feedback you are looking for, so it would be nice if you could specify that.

In the Site Discussion forum I have recently made a post about why Power 19 is not a good start point for getting feedback. So if you could take a look at that post and maybe answer some of the alternative questions I give there, it would probably be easier for me to say anything meaningful.

- Anders

Okay, I thought that the Power of 19 does identify some of the core aspects of a system such as resolution mechanics and how it reinforces the ideas of the game. I think the system is slightly unusual with its use of cards and chips which I feel better captures the mood of the comics.  I'm look for some feedback to see whether this system can work and whether there's anything I haven't thought of.

There are a lot of super hero games out on the market and my question is whether this system is distinct enough to stand out. I think it does a better job of simulating the genre and was interested in whether others agreed or could see some situations that couldn't be handled.

I see from your post that your questions all relate to the fiction of setting rather than the system. I'm not sure what that can really tell you about the system but I'll try to answer them.

* What is the feeling/setting style of your game?

The setting of the game is that of comic books from the golden age right up to the modern day. The feeling is that of heroes pushing themselves, making sacrifices and gambling against great odds to win the day.

* What kind of story do you want the game to produce, and how will this story develop throughout the game?

Heroes can do everything from stopping a mugger to fighting off alien armadas. They can travel to lost cities within dinosaur infested jungles to exploring arcane dimensions where undying evil struggles to escape into our world. The heroes face all these challenges with bravery and defeat them using imaginative use of their powers and abilities.

In addition players can make revelations that reveal surprising plot twists that affect both their character and others around them.

* What interests do the character have in what is going on and what role do they take in the story?

The heroes are the classic superheroes, using their powers to protect others. Whether they want to wait for trouble to rear it's ugly head or patrol the city to put a stop to evil before problems arise both are possible. The characters must gamble their strength when they set out to resolve a conflict but can become stronger when they triumph.

The players have a lot of control over the story, not just in what their character does but also in influencing the enviroment to benefit themselves.

* What kind of conflicts/challenges will the characters face in the game, and in what ways should they be able to influence what happens?

Heroes will face many challenges ranging from stopping a brick wall from falling on a small child to defeating a rampaging monster. A characer will know that he can probably overcome these tasks but at the risk of leaving him weak and exposed. It is their choice whether they will take that risk.

How they resolve these tasks is up to them and they are given great freedom to do so. They can use their amazing powers, have a twist of fate push things in their favour or use equipment, allies or vehicles to complete the task at hand. The key is imagination.

* What kind of resources can the characters use when they try to overcome these conflicts/challenges (personal resources, help they get from other people, stuff they own etc.).

A character, as a superhero, has access to incredible power. They could be a superiour martial artist or have the power to move planets. They could be aliens from long dead worlds or a brilliant inventor using his gadgets to bring justice to the world. The world around them bends in their favour in order that good will triumph.

Even with all this power they don't have to face the dangers alone. They can have trusty sidekick to throw a spanner in evil's plans or call upon their superhero allies to stop a super villain in their tracks. They can call upon reliable supporting cast members to gain information such as the plucky reporter or be transported by a wise cracking helicopter pilot.

* How do these things affect the characters, and how do the characters evolve throughout the story?

All these things weaken the effectiveness of a hero until they win a conflict and become stronger. As such a team must rely on each other to share the burden of saving innocent people. As they reap the rewards of these gambles they become stronger, more capable heroes while their supporting cast grow in depth and complexity.

The story of the heroes lives twist and turn as they develop leading from one exciting adventure to the next shocking revelation.

etheruk wrote:
Okay, I thought that the Power of 19 does identify some of the core aspects of a system such as resolution mechanics and how it reinforces the ideas of the game. I think the system is slightly unusual with its use of cards and chips which I feel better captures the mood of the comics.  I'm look for some feedback to see whether this system can work and whether there's anything I haven't thought of.

You should try to take a look at "With Great Power..." which is a Superhero game which also try to emulate the fiction, and not just be D&D with superpowers.

I'm look for some feedback to see whether this system can work and whether there's anything I haven't thought of.

The feeling is that of heroes pushing themselves, making sacrifices and gambling against great odds to win the day.

The heroes are the classic superheroes, using their powers to protect others. Whether they want to wait for trouble to rear it's ugly head or patrol the city to put a stop to evil before problems arise both are possible. The characters must gamble their strength when they set out to resolve a conflict but can become stronger when they triumph.

The story of the heroes lives twist and turn as they develop leading from one exciting adventure to the next shocking revelation.

Thanks for the response.

Danielsan:

The conflict system can be used for more than just combat. It is possible to run a purely social conflict (maybe an arguement with a NPC, persuading a police chief to give access to sealed criminal records or making a criminal reveal information about who hired him). In these cases the players are limited to using their plot pools, representing their ability to affect the situation with their words.

The relationships with supporting cast members are not directly threatened by losing chips. Rather they are affected by roleplaying. The fact that centering a scene around a supporting cast member provides additional chips encourages the players to visit them and cultivate their relationship.

When a character requests extra chips in return for adding drama to their lives their relationships can be threatened. A minor incident could be a date and a major incident could be visiting a dying relative. Failure to uphold these commitments will damage the relationship only in story terms but the gamesmaster could rule that it more difficult to centre a scene around that supporting cast member if they're mad at the character and trying to avoid them.

I've shied away from listing powers. I feel that they limit characters and they can be quite difficult to buy all the powers you want using any kind of point system. Instead I want the players to have the freedom to define their character however they wish, using their imagination to justify the use of chips.

It will be the allocationg of chips to the characters three pools that will define them. For example the Hulk would be built by put a lot of chips into power, a few plot chips (allowing the occasional flush of good luck) and very few in resources (being on the run Bruce Banner has few people he can count on).

On the other hand Hawkeye would have the majority of chips in his resources representing his trick arrows and a good amount in plot (he always seems to have good luck with the enviroment providing plenty of things for him to swing on and bounce shots off). He'd only have a few chips in power, representing his fighting skills.

There are a number of advantages and disadvantages that can be used to customise the character and relate to how the system works. For example a character with a fearsome reputation would draw two cards on the first round of a conflict and keep the highest. When facing this character most people will know that they've got an edge. Conversely a character with the singleminded disadvantage isn't able to share chips with other players as he is only focused on himself.

I think the system is flexible to handle a lot of different situations but I think it captures the feel of a superhero comic the best. The core concept of pushing themselves, sacrificing resources and taking great risks fits the genre for me. While you could run it for different settings I think that it works best for superheroes.

I think a major advantage is that it can support a lot of characters. If a character wants to play a ghost, able to turn invisible and intangible, the system supports it. This would normally be a game breaker but with High Stakes this can still work as losing chips reflects a weaking of effectiveness rather than damage. It doesn't matter if people can't strike the ghost, if he doesn't stop them he'll weaken to the point that he can't do anything (until he's had a chance to recover). 

Anders Larsen:

The players must describe what what their allocation of chips means. For example a character allocating three power chips must also say what is they're doing with their power to affect the situation. So it has story effect as well as just a game mechanic.

The supporting cast members game function is to provide chips but this is just a method to encourage players to think about the NPCs in their characters life and encourage them to spend time with the NPCs. It's all to make them an important part of the characters life.

I am assuming that the players will be the good guys. It is a game about playing super heroes after all. The rewards of chips, given at the end of each scene, should encourage most players to contribute to overcoming the challenges placed against them.

I get the system you propose, I really do. I'm just saying that it lends itself to ANY kind of storytelling, not just supers, and so in my mind I guess it doesn't match a strictly comic book feel in and of itself. For example, you might contradict yourself here:

etheruk wrote:
The conflict system can be used for more than just combat. It is possible to run a purely social conflict (maybe an arguement with a NPC, persuading a police chief to give access to sealed criminal records or making a criminal reveal information about who hired him). In these cases the players are limited to using their plot pools, representing their ability to affect the situation with their words.

I've shied away from listing powers. I feel that they limit characters and they can be quite difficult to buy all the powers you want using any kind of point system. Instead I want the players to have the freedom to define their character however they wish, using their imagination to justify the use of chips.

The relationships with supporting cast members are not directly threatened by losing chips. Rather they are affected by roleplaying. The fact that centering a scene around a supporting cast member provides additional chips encourages the players to visit them and cultivate their relationship.

When a character requests extra chips in return for adding drama to their lives their relationships can be threatened. A minor incident could be a date and a major incident could be visiting a dying relative. Failure to uphold these commitments will damage the relationship only in story terms but the gamesmaster could rule that it more difficult to centre a scene around that supporting cast member if they're mad at the character and trying to avoid them.

It will be the allocationg of chips to the characters three pools that will define them. For example the Hulk would be built by put a lot of chips into power, a few plot chips (allowing the occasional flush of good luck) and very few in resources (being on the run Bruce Banner has few people he can count on).

On the other hand Hawkeye would have the majority of chips in his resources representing his trick arrows and a good amount in plot (he always seems to have good luck with the enviroment providing plenty of things for him to swing on and bounce shots off). He'd only have a few chips in power, representing his fighting skills.

I think a major advantage is that it can support a lot of characters. If a character wants to play a ghost, able to turn invisible and intangible, the system supports it. This would normally be a game breaker but with High Stakes this can still work as losing chips reflects a weaking of effectiveness rather than damage. It doesn't matter if people can't strike the ghost, if he doesn't stop them he'll weaken to the point that he can't do anything (until he's had a chance to recover). 

I think reduced effectiveness is fine for this genre - you know heroes get beat up till they can't do anything and are presumably dead (though that doesn't mean they're actually dead). Once a player has no chips they could, I'm guessing, either make a new character or use the chips to bring back an old fave ("As the plane plummeted into mountain range, I was able to prime the ejector seat just before the fireball you saw. But I lost my memory in the impact and blah blah blah") Heroes get beat up till they're out of power, then when they get the chips they're up again. Sounds like comic book fun to me.

One thing that I don't think I've made clear is that supporting cast members can only be 'tapped' for their chips during a scene that centres around them. A character couldn't be in the middle of a fight, tap his power NPC and get more chips.
He would need to visit his NPC either before or after this scene to gain those chips.

It is meant to encourage the players to involve their NPCs and replicate the pacing of the comics. Spiderman might want to go right after the Green Goblin after stopping a bank robbery but knows he promised to take Mary Jane out to the movies. Batman might be close to cracking a big case but Bruce Wayne is required to be at the charity fundraiser.

The aim is that the players don't just concentrate on being superheroes, they also develop their normal lives as well. To give the rest of the action context.

When I was brainstorming this system I looked at comics and looked at how the heroes resolved the situation. I felt they fell into three categories. Either they used their powers, used a resource (such as equipment or an ally) or the plot helped them (either they swayed the opponent with their words or a coincidence proved to be beneficial). The way these events would escalate gave me the principle of the system. To me those things were core to a super hero game.

I guess you could change what each pool reflected but to me those are three important things about a superhero. The differences in where that character puts his emphasis of those pools changes a hero drastically.

In the example of the social conflict the gamesmaster can decree which pools are available. You're right a player could justify using psychic powers in those situations or a rich character might use his resources but the gamesmaster gets to say whether they can. For example the opponent might be resistant to mind control or be so rich that the characters can't bribe him. That is if the character even has a power that can sway someone like that. A character who only has super strength isn't about to persuade the mayor to help him just by flexing in front of him.

In the example of the Hawkeye vs Hulk fight you're right that each character has different strengths. The important thing is that they're no less compedant. If you used another system Hawkeye would stand little chance against the ultra strong and damage resistant Hulk. One punch from the Hulk and Hawkeye would be on the receiving end of a lot of dice damage.

On the other hand in High Stakes this can lead to an exciting battle where either side could win. That's because we're not looking at damage caused but effectiveness being reduced. If the cards are in Hawkeyes favour he could use his resource chips to dazzle the Hulk, use plot points to knock the Hulk into a nearby ravine and generally befuddle him. He might not hurt the Hulk but he can befuddle the Jade Marauder until the Hulk either decides to leap away with his remaining chips (as Hawkeye would be getting stronger on each round he won) or collapse, exhausted by the excertion and change back to Bruce Banner.

As for the falling mountain it would be up to the GM whether he allowed the anti-grav arrow but if a mountain is going to fall on Hawkeye and his friends either he stops it or you'll have several dead and very flat heroes. It'd be a great comic moment for the dust to clear and for it to be revealed that he used explosive arrows to create a hollow in the rock just as it fell. Given the number of chips he'd have expended he'll probably be close to passing out but his friends are alive and can help get to freedom from within the hollow.

If Hawkeye fought with the Avengers at his side his odds against the Hulk would have improved. What's more he isn't rendered useless while the heavy hitters like Thor battle the Hulk. He can contribute just as well as anyone else on the team and it might be his card that's the highest on this round.

Descriptions should be worked out in co-operation with everyone else. Each player describes what's happening when they contribute chips. The player with the highest number of plot chips gets to go last, describing the outcome of those first events. When the cards are called the gamesmaster describes what's happen to reflect who won.

So saying you kill a character instantly is out since you can't back that up until you call the cards and even then they'd have to have no more chips left to begin another round of conflict. If you want your character to have great strength and you're describing punching a weak opponent unless you plan on calling the card it's not going to take them down so you're better off describing the punch and letting the other character describe dodging or being thrown back to soak up some of the damage. Or maybe describe punching the ground near the character and the resulting shockwave to illustrate how strong your character is. It's not really a failure because the other character is being forced to respond to your description and has to expend chips to do so.

If a character is on similar levels of strength (as determined by the characters description) then you pound away at each other to your hearts content without worrying about not appearing strong.

One of the advantages is regeneration that allows a number of chips to be restored per level of the advantage purchased. So a character can regain his effectiveness during a scene.Things like armour would just come under the description of the power, allowing descriptions of how the character has survived an attack.

As Creatures of Destiny says it fits the genre not to concentrate on damage. Heroes rarely get broken bones, at most they only end up with torn costumes and maybe nose bleeds. A few panels later they're fine.

etheruk wrote:
One thing that I don't think I've made clear is that supporting cast members can only be 'tapped' for their chips during a scene that centres around them. A character couldn't be in the middle of a fight, tap his power NPC and get more chips.
He would need to visit his NPC either before or after this scene to gain those chips.

It is meant to encourage the players to involve their NPCs and replicate the pacing of the comics. Spiderman might want to go right after the Green Goblin after stopping a bank robbery but knows he promised to take Mary Jane out to the movies. Batman might be close to cracking a big case but Bruce Wayne is required to be at the charity fundraiser.

The aim is that the players don't just concentrate on being superheroes, they also develop their normal lives as well. To give the rest of the action context.

In the example of the Hawkeye vs Hulk fight you're right that each character has different strengths. The important thing is that they're no less compedant. If you used another system Hawkeye would stand little chance against the ultra strong and damage resistant Hulk. One punch from the Hulk and Hawkeye would be on the receiving end of a lot of dice damage.

Thanks to the feedback I've had I've made some amendments to the system.

The first change is that in combat chips can be used either in an offensive manner (punching, energy blasting, etc) or for defense (armor, dodging, webbing etc). When used offensively the chips are added to the players stake. When used for defense it reduces the number of chips in an opponents stake (both the players chip and opponents chips are lost).

Secondly, after each player has staked, before the sequence starts again anyone can declare they are playing the cards (rather than on their turn).

Thirdly players no longer need to match the current stake when the cards are called the winner can only gain a number of chips equal to his stake. For example a player that stakes 5 chips and wins would only be able to claim 5 chips from his opponents stake even if that stake consists of 10 chips. If there are not enough chips in the opponents stake the winner can claim them from any single pool belonging to his opponent (representing additional setbacks). If there are any chips left in the opponents stake they are lost.

In an attempt to address the question of ranking abilities now have a numerical rank representing how many chips can be staked in single turn. For example a player with a rank of 5 in super strength would only be able to stake 5 chips in a single turn. This is an issue as a powerful fighter would be able to create a higher value stake faster than an opponent with low ranks.

I think these changes open up the game tactically. Even if you don't have a winning card you can play defensively, ensuring that the opponent loses those chips from his stake. In the old system a fight could be very daunting if one of the participants won a huge stake. These changes will ensure that fewer chips are gained, preventing a fight from becoming too one sided.

Any thoughts regarding these changes?